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Size functor

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Source updated September 11, 2026

Given a size pair $(M,f)\$ where $M\$ is a manifold of dimension $n\$ and $f\$ is an arbitrary real continuous function defined on it, the $i$ -th size functor, with $i=0,\ldots ,n\$ , denoted by $F_{i}\$ , is the functor in $Fun(\mathrm {Rord} ,\mathrm {Ab} )\$ , where $\mathrm {Rord} \$ is the category of ordered real numbers, and $\mathrm {Ab} \$ is the category of Abelian groups, defined in the following way. For $x\leq y\$ , setting $M_{x}=\{p\in M:f(p)\leq x\}\$ , $M_{y}=\{p\in M:f(p)\leq y\}\$ , $j_{xy}\$ equal to the inclusion from $M_{x}\$ into $M_{y}\$ , and $k_{xy}\$ equal to the morphism in $\mathrm {Rord} \$ from $x\$ to $y\$ ,

for each $x\in \mathbb {R} \$ , $F_{i}(x)=H_{i}(M_{x});\$
$F_{i}(k_{xy})=H_{i}(j_{xy}).\$

In other words, the size functor studies the process of the birth and death of homology classes as the lower level set changes. When $M\$ is smooth and compact and $f\$ is a Morse function, the functor $F_{0}\$ can be described by oriented trees, called $H_{0}\$ − trees.

The concept of size functor was introduced as an extension to homology theory and category theory of the idea of size function. The main motivation for introducing the size functor originated by the observation that the size function $\ell _{(M,f)}(x,y)\$ can be seen as the rank of the image of $H_{0}(j_{xy}):H_{0}(M_{x})\rightarrow H_{0}(M_{y})$ .

The concept of size functor is strictly related to the concept of persistent homology group, studied in persistent homology. It is worth to point out that the $i\$ -th persistent homology group coincides with the image of the homomorphism $F_{i}(k_{xy})=H_{i}(j_{xy}):H_{i}(M_{x})\rightarrow H_{i}(M_{y})$ .

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Size functor

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Related topics

Size theory

Size function

Size homotopy group