Nazi concentration camp badge

Variability

The system varied between camps and over time. Dachau concentration camp had one of the more elaborate systems.

Single triangles

Asoziale (anti-socials)

Asoziale (anti-socials) inmates wore a plain black triangle. They were considered either too "selfish" or "deviant" to contribute to society or were considered too impaired to support themselves. They were therefore considered a burden. This category included pacifists and conscription resisters, petty or habitual criminals, the mentally ill and the mentally and/or physically disabled. They were usually executed.

Lesbian prisons

Lesbians did not have their own specific category. Women (including lesbians) who did not conform to Nazi gender norms (such as nationalist pronatalism) were usually labelled with the black triangle of asocials. Some lesbians were prominent in the original resistance, and thus they were labelled with the red triangle, such as Yvonne Ziegler and Suzanne Leclézio.

Wehrmacht Strafbataillon

The Wehrmacht Strafbataillon (punishment battalion) and SS Bewährungstruppe (probation company) were military punishment units. They consisted of Wehrmacht and SS military criminals, SS personnel convicted by an Honour Court of bad conduct, and civilian criminals for whom military service was either the assigned punishment or a voluntary replacement of imprisonment. They wore regular uniforms and were forbidden from wearing a rank or unit insignia until they had proven themselves in combat. They wore an uninverted (point-upwards) red triangle on their upper sleeves to indicate their status. Most were used for hard labor, "special tasks" (unwanted, dangerous jobs like defusing landmines or running phone cables) or were used as forlorn hopes or cannon fodder. The infamous Dirlewanger Brigade was an example of a regular unit created from such personnel.

Limited preventative custody

Limited preventative custody detainee (Befristete Vorbeugungshaft Häftling, or BV) was the term for general criminals, who wore green triangles with no special marks. They originally were only supposed to be incarcerated at the camp until their term expired, and then they would be released. When the war began, they were confined indefinitely for its duration.

Examples of the single triangle badges at Nazi camps

Double triangles and multiple colours

Origins of yellow star badges

Double-triangle badges usually used two superimposed triangles to form a six-pointed star, resembling the Jewish Star of David. Yellow stars were first used by the Nazis in Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland. Jews elsewhere in German-occupied Europe were then also forced to wear the symbol in public and in Nazi-established ghettos.

Colour combinations for double triangles

Examples of the double triangle design

Coloured bars to show multiple categories

Repeat offenders (rückfällige, meaning recidivists) would receive bars over their stars or triangles, a different colour for a different crime.

• A political prisoner would have a red bar over their star or triangle.
• A professional criminal would have a green bar.
• A foreign forced laborer would not have a blue bar, as their imprisonment was for the duration of the war, but might have a different coloured bar if they were drawn from another pool of inmates.
• A Jehovah's Witness would have a purple bar.
• A homosexual or sex offender would have a pink bar.
• An asocial would have a black bar.
• Roma and Sinti would usually be incarcerated in special sub-camps until they died, and so would not normally receive a repeat stripe.

From late 1944, to save cloth, Jewish prisoners wore a yellow bar over a regular triangle pointed down to indicate their status. For instance, regular Jews would wear a yellow bar over a red triangle. Jewish criminals would wear a yellow bar over a green triangle.

Civilian clothing

Detainees wearing civilian clothing instead of the striped uniforms, more common later in the war, were often marked with a prominent X on the back. This made for an ersatz prisoner uniform. For permanence, such Xs were made with white oil paint, with sewn-on cloth strips, or were cut, with underlying jacket-liner fabric providing the contrasting colour. Detainees were compelled to sew their number and if applicable, a triangle emblem onto the fronts of such X-ed clothing.

Other distinguishing markings

Many markings and combinations existed. A prisoner would usually have at least two, and possibly more than six.

Strafkompanie (punishment company)

A Strafkompanie (punishment company) was a hard labour unit in the camps. Inmates assigned to it wore a black roundel bordered white under their triangle patch.

Fluchtverdächtiger (escape risk)

Prisoners "suspected of [attempting to] escape" (Fluchtverdächtiger) wore a red roundel bordered white under their triangle patch. If also assigned to hard labour, they wore the red roundel under their black Strafkompanie roundel.

Funktionshäftling (prisoner-functionary)

A prisoner-functionary (Funktionshäftling), or kapo (boss), wore a cloth brassard (their Kennzeichen, or identifying mark) to indicate their status. They served as camp guards (Lagerpolizei), barracks clerks (Blockschreiber) and the senior prisoners (ältesten, meaning elders) at the camp (lagerältester), barracks (blockältester) and room (stubenältester) levels of camp organisation. They received privileges like bigger and sometimes better food rations, better quarters or even a private room, luxuries like tobacco or alcohol, and access to the camp's facilities, like the showers or the pool. Failure to please their captors meant demotion and loss of privileges, and almost certain death at the hands of their fellow inmates.

Letters

Nationality markers

In addition to colour-coding, non-German prisoners were marked by the first letter of the German name for their home country or ethnic group. Red triangle with a letter, for example:

• B (Belgier, Belgians)
• E (Engländer, "English"; in practice used for all British)
• F (Franzosen, French)
• I (Italiener, Italians)
• J (Jugoslawen, Yugoslavs)
• N (Niederländer, Dutch), H (for Hollander) is also recorded
• No (Norweger, Norwegian)
• P (Polen, Poles)
• S (Spanier, generally used for Spanish Republican exiles)
• T (Tscheche, Czechs)
• U (Ungarn, Hungarians)
• Z next to, or on top of, a black triangle (Zigeuner, "gypsy"): Roma. Male Roma were issued with brown triangles in some camps.

Polish emigrant laborers originally wore a purple diamond with a yellow backing. A letter P (for Polen) was cut out of the purple cloth to show the yellow backing beneath.

After the Allies signed the Armistice with Italy and the Italian Racial Laws were voided by the new government under Pietro Badogolio, German forces invaded Italy and took over all of the concentration and war prisoner camps. Italian prisoners ranged from Dissidents, Jews, Romani people, Foreigners and Ethnic Minorities that Fascist Party deemed "Undesirable and Subhuman" and Physically and Mentally Ill that were considered "Useless to Military, Useless to the Party and Useless to the State." The Germans also rounded up members of the Carabinieri as they refused to fight for the Germans and the Italian Socialist Republic. Italian Jews were forced to wear a yellow star that had the letter E (Ebreo for Jewish Italian man, Ebrea for Jewish Italian woman). For all other badges had the letter I or the word Italiener for Italian.

Examples of nationality-letter marking at Nazi camps

Nacht und Nebel

Some camps assigned Nacht und Nebel (night and fog) prisoners had them wear two large letters NN in yellow.

Reformatory inmates (E or EH)

Erziehungshäftlinge (reformatory inmates) wore E or EH in large black letters on a white square. They were made up of intellectuals and respected community members who could organise and lead a resistance movement, suspicious persons picked up in sweeps or stopped at checkpoints, people caught performing conspiratorial activities or acts and inmates who broke work discipline. They were assigned to hard labour for six to eight weeks and were then released. It was hoped that the threat of permanent incarceration at hard labour would deter them from further action.

Police inmates (Polizeihäftlinge)

Polizeihäftlinge (police inmates), short for Polizeilich Sicherungsverwahrte Häftlinge (police secure custody inmates), wore either PH in large black letters on a white square or the letter S (for Sicherungsverwahrt, secure custody) on a green triangle. To save expense, some camps had them just wear their civilian clothes without markings. Records used the letter PSV (Polizeilich Sicherungsverwahrt) to designate them. They were people awaiting trial by a police court-martial or who were already convicted. They were detained in a special jail barracks until they were executed.

Soviet prisoners of war

Soviet prisoners of war (russische Kriegsgefangenen) assigned to work camps (Arbeitslager) wore two large letters SU (for sowjetischer Untermensch, meaning Soviet sub-human) in yellow and had vertical stripes painted on their uniforms. They were the few who had not been shot out of hand or died of neglect from untreated wounds, exposure to the elements, or starvation before they could reach a camp. They performed hard labour. Some joined Andrey Vlasov's Liberation Army to fight for Nazi Germany.

Labour education detainees (Arbeitserziehung Häftling)

Labour education detainees (Arbeitserziehung Häftling) wore a white letter A on their black triangle. This stood for Arbeitsscheuer ("work-shy person"), designating stereotypically "lazy" social undesirables like Gypsies, petty criminals (e.g. prostitutes and pickpockets), alcoholics/drug addicts and vagrants. They were usually assigned to work at labour camps.

Reclaimed symbols

Some of the symbols were reclaimed as symbols of pride after the war. The inverted red, pink, purple, black, and blue triangles have all been reclaimed by various remembrance and anti-fascist groups, particularly in Europe. For example, the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime, Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA) and other members of the International Federation of Resistance Fighters, Association of Anti-Fascists use the red triangle as part of their emblem. The pink triangle has been used worldwide since the 1970s. The red inverted triangle has been mostly used in Europe.

Memorials

Triangle-motifs appear on many postwar memorials to the victims of the Nazis. Most triangles are plain while some others bear nationality-letters. The otherwise potentially puzzling designs are a direct reference to the identification patches used in the camps. On such monuments, typically an inverted triangle (especially if red) evokes all victims, including also the non-Jewish victims like Poles and other Slavs, communists, homosexuals, Roma and Sinti (see Porajmos), people with disability (see Action T4), Soviet POWs and Jehovah's Witnesses. An inverted triangle coloured pink would symbolize gay male victims. A non-inverted (base down, point up) triangle and/or a yellow triangle is generally more evocative of the Jewish victims.

Red inverted triangles in political symbols

Early organizations in post-war Germany

One of the first was Committees for the Victims of Fascism (German: OdF-Ausschüsse).

The Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime, Federation of Antifascists (VVN‑BdA) was founded in West Germany soon after the end of World War Two.

The Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters (KdAW) was formed in 1953. It functioned as the East German counterpart of the VVN (German: Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes, lit. 'Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime'). The KdAW played an important role in the commemoration of German resistance to Nazism and The Holocaust in East Germany. East Germany utilised such commemorative functions to emphasise the anti-fascist orientation of the state. It also included survivors of concentration camps, former prisoners of Brandenburg-Görden Prison, veterans of the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War, and others.

Other groups who use the red inverted triangle

• National Association of Former Nazi Camp Deportees (ANED) Italian: Associazione nazionale ex deportati nei campi nazisti
• Anti-Fascist Action in the United Kingdom used the symbol in badges in the 80s, the one example showed the pointed red shape smashing a black swastika.
• Antifaschistisches Infoblatt (AIB) is an anti-fascist publication in Berlin, Germany.
• Liberté chérie (French for "Cherished Liberty") was a Masonic Lodge founded in 1943 by imprisoned freemasons, from the Belgian resistance, at Esterwegen concentration camp. It was one of the few lodges of Freemasons founded within a Nazi concentration camp during the Second World War. (see also: Persecution of Freemasons § Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition)
• NIKA (German: Nationalismus ist keine Alternative, lit. 'Nationalism is not an alternative') was started in Germany in response to the rise of Germany's far-right party, the AfD (German: Alternative für Deutschland, lit. 'Alternative for Germany').
• Qassam Brigades (Arabic: كتئب القسام, romanized: Kataeb al-Qassam) have used an inverted red triangle (Arabic: المثلث الأحمر المقلوب) in their propaganda videos since November 2023. The inverted red triangle was later included in the logo of their Military Media division. Qassam differ from most of the other groups by being religious and nationalist. Most media have said Qassam's symbol has different origins (see below).
• Ras l'front (RLF, English: "Fed up") use an inverted red triangle in some of their modern logos. For example: RLF Voiron.
• Territoires de la Mémoire (Territories of Memory) and Triangle Rouge (Red Triangle) are Belgian organisations who promote the use of the red triangle as a symbol of anti-fascism and anti-racism. (See also: Avenue Louise § World War II)
• United Left (Spanish: Izquierda Unida), Spain. Their membership cards feature a red, green, and purple triangle. Their Madrid office tweeted in 2021, "🔻The red triangle that we, the members of @IzquierdaUnida, wear on our lapels and in our Twitter handles commemorates the political prisoners in Nazi camps. It is an honor to share this symbol with other oppressed groups whose Holocaust we remember today".

The Red Wedge and other origins

The simplicity of the red and pink triangles means the origin is sometimes ambiguous or disputed. Some of the above, such as Anti-Fascist Action, also resemble the red wedge from the 1919 Russian revolutionary propaganda poster Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge by El Lissitzky. They are used somewhat interchangeably. The above are all used for an explicitly anti-Nazi, anti-fascist, or pro-resistance meaning. Some sources have said that Qassam's symbol originates from the Palestinian flag. The implied anti-Nazi and explicitly pro-resistance meaning of Qassam's using the symbol used to honour WWII resistance is controversial. Palestinian resistance is often labelled as terrorism by allies of the United States. Qassam, and their civilian political wing (Hamas), have referred to the military forces occupying Palestine as Nazis since their founding documents; this was omitted in the revised version, which was much shorter.

Medals and honours

Service medals awarded to prisoners of war and other camp inmates after WWII feature the triangle that was used on prisoners' uniforms. Some also include the blue stripe of the prisoner uniforms as the ribbon design. The Auschwitz Cross, a Polish medal for camp victims and the Political Prisoner's Cross 1940-1945, a Belgian medal both show a red triangle with a nationality indicator, and the ribbons replicate the striped fabric of some camp uniforms.

Political Prisoner's Cross (Belgium)

The Political Prisoner's Cross 1940-1945 (French: Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940-1945, Dutch: Politieke Gevangenkruis 1940-1945) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 13 November 1947 and awarded to Belgian citizens arrested and interned by the Germans as political prisoners during the Second World War. The award's statute included provisions for posthumous award should the intended recipient not survive detention, and the right of the widow, the mother or the father of the deceased to wear the cross.

Medal of the KdAW (East Germany, 1975)

From 1975 onwards, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, also known as East Germany) released a medal for the "Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters" (KdAW, German: Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer) of the GDR that included a red triangle. It was named German: Medaille des Komitees der antifaschistischen Widerstadskämpfer der DDR, lit. 'Medal of the Committee of Anti-fascist Resistance Fighters of East Germany'. They also had an anti-fascist medal with a different design, membership in the KdAW made one eligible to receive the Medal for Fighters Against Fascism.

Auschwitz Cross (Poland)

The Auschwitz Cross (Polish: Krzyż Oświęcimski), instituted on 14 March 1985, was a Polish decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps, including Auschwitz. Auschwitz is a German name for the Polish town Oświęcim, where a complex of concentration camps was built by Nazi Germany during the German occupation of Europe during WWII. It was awarded generally to Poles, but it was possible to award it to foreigners in special cases. It could be awarded posthumously. It ceased to be awarded in 1999. An exception was made in the case of Greta Ferušić, who was awarded it in February 2004. Some of the people awarded the medal were Jewish, including Szymon Kluger (Shimson Kleuger).

LGBTQ symbols (1990s onwards)

Stories of queer holocaust victims were largely ignored until the 1990s. There have been numerous variants, including the Silence=Death Project logo, usually a re-inverted symbols that point upright. Historically, the pink triangle was mostly used to mark gay men, but the Nazi party also persecuted transgender people, gender non-conforming people, and lesbians. Gender non-conforming men were labelled with the pink triangle, while women (including lesbians) who did not conform to Nazi gender norms and nationalist pronatalism were usually labelled with the black triangle. Some lesbians were prominent in the original resistance, and thus they were labelled with the red triangle, such as Yvonne Ziegler and Suzanne Leclézio.

LGBTQ Holocaust memorials

Memorials to the Queer victims, many of which feature the pink triangle were not erected until recently, most in the 21st century. The monument in Sydney was erected in 2001, and in Berlin (above) in 2008.

Red triangle lapel pins in 21st Century Europe

In 2020, Spanish politicians Pablo Iglesias (Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain) and Alberto Garzón (Ministry of Consumer Affairs) wore red triangle lapel pins while being sworn into government by the King of Spain. Alberto Garzón has been wearing the symbol since 2016.

Red inverted triangle lapel pins are widely distributed Western European countries. Red triangle pins are worn by socialist, communist, and other left-wing or far-left politicians in countries such as Belgium, Spain, and France.

Left-wing French presidential candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon wore a red triangle lapel pin during his campaign, the message was particularly aimed at diffentiating himself from far-right National Front candidate Marine Le Pen (daughter of the party's even more controversial founder, Jean-Marie Le Pen).

Jean-Luc Mélenchon explained the meaning of the symbol, "I have been compared to the National Front. I was outraged. I said to myself, what could I wear? And someone, a Belgian, a comrade, said to me, 'Listen, I'll give you mine, it's the insignia of the communist deportees in the Nazi concentration camps'. And so I said: 'now I'm putting it on, I'm not taking it off' ... We forget this moment in history. But the first to be deported and massacred were the communists..."

French politician Ugo Bernalicis, from the Left Party (previously from the Socialist Party), represents the department of Nord, in the French National Assembly. Bernalicis was born into a family close to the communist movement, with a militant father, an elected grandfather and a great-grandfather who was deported to the Dachau concentration camp because of his political convictions.

Symbols at protests and rallies

The yellow star, pink triangle, red triangle, and other symbols based on Nazi concentration camp badges have been used at protests and political rallies. Jewish variants of the anti-fascist symbol sometimes replicate the upside down tree triangle from the red and yellow badge used for Jewish political prisoners. The yellow star was depicted at rallies in Israel and New York against Donald Trump's ban on Muslim immigration. The red triangle was rarely used in this context except in Europe, this led to repeated confusion and in the 2020s. The red triangle was used ambiguously in Facebook ads for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential election campaign (see below). The red triangle allegedly got more common at protests in the United States during the Gaza war. This was frequently misinterpreted or misrepresented as a symbol of Nazi antisemitism. The Nazis used the symbol to mark political opponents in occupied Europe, not usually Jews, but sone argued the symbol was used in an antisemitic way if it was used to threaten non-Israeli Jews.

Protests against Germany's AfD

United States president Donald Trump

Donald Trump's inauguration coincided with the avocado arrival of the AfD in Bundestag. Many independent protesters also used yellow stars and pink triangles. One controversial campaign against him in 2017 used multi coloured inverted triangle badges replicating the prisoner designations from Nazi Germany.

In April 2017 Trump "vowed" to "combat antisemitism".

2020 Trump campaign

In June 2020, the re-election campaign of Donald Trump posted an advertisement on Facebook stating that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem" and identifying them as "ANTIFA", accompanied by a graphic of a downward-pointing red triangle. The ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists. Many noted the number of ads, 88, which is associated with neo-Nazis and white supremacists.

As an example of the public outcry against the use of the downward-pointing red triangle, as reported by MotherJones, the Twitter account (@jewishaction), the account of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action, a Progressive Jewish site stated:

"The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol. Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors.

Their masks are off. pic.twitter.com/UzmzDaRBup"

Facebook removed the campaign ads with the graphic, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organised hate". The Trump campaign's communications director wrote, "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." Historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, disputed this, saying that the symbol is not associated with Antifa in the United States.

Controversial uses of yellow stars

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many anti-vaccine and anti-lockdown protesters appropriated the Jewish yellow star from ghettos and concentration camps.

Gaza war protests and military media

Before 2023

There had been prior uses of concentration camp symbols before the war. Symbols based on the reappropriation of the Nazi red triangle occasionally appeared in artworks and protests about Palestine before 2023 (see above).

A political cartoon by Brazilian artist Carlos Latuff depicted a Palestinian man behind the West Bank barrier in the striped uniform of a Nazi concentration camp, with a red crescent in place of the red inverted triangle worn by political prisoners, or red and yellow star worn by Jewish political prisoners. In 2006 a Latuff's cartoon won second prize in the 2006 International Holocaust Cartoon Competition in Iran. The competition in Iran was started as retaliation for Western cartoonists' depictions of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and associated claims of "free speech", by choosing the topic Western audiences would find most offensive.

Yellow stars during the Gaza war

In late December 2023, Gilad Erdan, Israel's ambassador to the United Nations, provoked controversy by wearing a yellow star at the assembly. Erdan claimed that the October 7 Attacks was equivalent to Germany's genocide of Jews during The Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. The analogy was controversial. The Vad Yashem Holocaust Memorial chairperson Dani Dayan said, "This act belittles the victims of the Holocaust as well as the state of Israel,.. The yellow star symbolizes the helplessness of the Jewish people and their being at the mercy of others... We now have an independent state and a strong army. We are the masters of our own fate".

Red triangles during the Gaza war

In the first two weeks of the Gaza war European leftists, such as United Left in Spain, began using their own red triangle symbols on flyers promoting protests and other activism. Spain's United Left combined their red triangle symbol with the Palestinian flag on promotions for a protest that was held on 21 October 2023.

Before the Gaza war, right-wing Western European sources have claimed that the red triangle has anti-Jewish connotations for focusing on the non-Jewish victims of the Holocaust.

Some sources have suggested that the inverted red triangle symbol used by Hamas in its propaganda videos is reminiscent of the same red triangle used by the Nazis, with regards to antisemitism during the Gaza war. However, the Nazis used the inverted red triangle to identify prisoners with political views opposed to Nazism, not necessarily Jewish prisoners. The red inverted triangle was first used in the 1930s to mark German communists and Social Democrats, then during WWII the inverted red triangle was used to mark people who resisted the Nazi occupation of their countries by Nazi Germany. However, news media suggested the symbol used in Palestinian propaganda independently originated from the red section on the Palestinian flag.

Images of memorials and other post-war use