Reference articles on history, science, culture and more
Learning path · Beginner

How the modern world was made

From the first farms to the Cold War: the long chain of events behind the world we live in. 8 guides, about 70 minutes of reading.

  1. The agricultural revolution and the first cities

    Why settled farming appeared, what it cost, and how it produced writing, law and inequality.

    Step 1 · Civilization · 8 min read
  2. Ancient Egypt: three thousand years on the Nile

    How a river, a calendar and a god-king produced one of the longest lasting states in history.

    Step 2 · History · 9 min read
  3. Greece and Rome: the political inheritance

    Athenian democracy, the Roman republic and empire, and the institutional ideas that outlived both.

    Step 3 · Civilization · 9 min read
  4. The Middle Ages in Europe

    Lords, monasteries, towns and plague: what a thousand years between Rome and the Renaissance actually looked like.

    Step 4 · History · 9 min read
  5. The Age of Exploration

    Why European ships crossed the oceans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and how the exchange that followed changed every continent.

    Step 5 · History · 9 min read
  6. The Industrial Revolution

    Coal, cotton and steam: how production moved from hands and homes to machines and factories, starting in eighteenth-century Britain.

    Step 6 · History · 9 min read
  7. The Second World War

    The deadliest conflict in history, from the rise of fascism to the atomic bomb, and the world order it left behind.

    Step 7 · History · 10 min read
  8. The Cold War

    Forty-five years of rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, fought with nuclear threats, proxy wars and propaganda.

    Step 8 · History · 9 min read