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List of Cyrillic multigraphs

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Source updated September 12, 2026

The following multigraphs are used in the Cyrillic script. The palatalized consonants of Russian and other languages written as C-⟨ь⟩ are mostly predictable and therefore not included here unless they are irregular. Likewise, in the languages of the Caucasus, there are numerous other predictable multigraphs that are not included. These include doubled letters (or whole digraphs) that indicate 'tense' ('strong') consonants and long vowels; sequences with ⟨в⟩, ⟨у⟩, ⟨ә⟩ for labialized consonants; and sequences with ⟨Ӏ⟩ or ⟨ъ⟩ for ejective consonants or pharyngealized consonants and vowels. Tatar also has discontinuous digraphs.

01А

⟨а а⟩:

Archi: [aː]

⟨а а Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [aːˤ]

⟨а н⟩:

Dungan: [æ̃]

⟨а ь⟩:

⟨а Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [aˤ]

02Г

⟨г в⟩:

⟨г г⟩:

Tabasaran: [ɣ]

⟨г у⟩:

Adyghe: [ɡʷ]
Kabardian: [ɡʷ]
Ossetian: [ɡʷ]
Also found in several other languages where ⟨у⟩ is used for labialization (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore does not result in a true digraph).

⟨г ў⟩:

Aleut language (Bering dialect): [w]

⟨г ъ⟩:

Abaza: [ʁ]
Adyghe: [ʁ]
Aghul: [ʁ]
Archi: [ʁ]
Avar: [ʁ]
Bezhta: [ʁ]
Crimean Tatar: [ɣ]
Dargwa: [ɣ]
Kabardian: [ʁ]
Karachay-Balkar: [ʁ]
Kumyk: [ʁ]
Lezgian: [ʁ]
Ossetian: [ʁ]
Tabasaran: [ʕ]
Tatar: word-final [ʁ]

⟨г ъ в⟩:

⟨г ъ у⟩:

⟨г ъ ь⟩:

Abaza: [ʁʲ]

⟨г ъ Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [ʁˤ]

⟨г ъ Ӏ в⟩:

Archi: [ʁˤʷ]

⟨г ь⟩:

Abaza: [ɡʲ]
Abkhaz: [ɡʲ]
Aghul: [h]
Archi: [h]
Avar: [ɦ]
Bezhta: [h]
Dargwa: [h]
Kumyk: [h]
Lezgian: [h]
Shughni: [ɣ]
Tabasaran: [h]

⟨г ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [ɡʷ]

⟨г Ӏ⟩:

Abaza: [ʕ]
Aghul: [ʕ]
Archi: [ʕ]
Avar: [ʕ]
Chechen: [ɣ]
Dargwa: [ʡ]
Ingush: [ʁ]

⟨г Ӏ в⟩:

Abaza: [ʕʷ]

03Д

⟨д ж⟩

Abaza: [d͡ʒ]
Adyghe: [d͡ʒ]
Aghul: [d͡z]
Belarusian: [d͡ʐ]
Bulgarian: [d͡ʒ]
Crimean Tatar: [d͡ʒ]
Dargwa: [d͡ʒ]
Kabardian: [d͡ʒ]
Karachay-Balkar: [d͡ʒ] (Karachay); [d͡z] (Balkar)
Komi: [d͡ʒ]
Lezgian: [d͡ʒ]
Ossetian: [d͡ʒ]
Russian: [d͡ʐ]
Tabasaran: [d͡ʒ]
Ukrainian: [d͡ʒ]

⟨д ж в⟩

Abaza: [d͡ʒʷ]

⟨д ж ь⟩

Abaza: [d͡ʑ]

⟨д з⟩

⟨д з у⟩:

Adyghe: [d͡zʷ]

⟨д ч⟩:

Russian: [t͡ɕ] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

⟨д ь⟩:

Yakut: [d͡ʑ]

⟨д ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [dʷ]

04Е

⟨е е⟩

Archi: [eː]

⟨е е Ӏ⟩

Archi: [eːˤ]

⟨е Ӏ⟩

Archi: [eˤ]

05Ё

⟨ё н⟩:

Dungan: [jɔ̃]

⟨ё ь⟩:

Chechen: [jø]

06Ж

⟨ж в⟩

⟨ж д⟩:

Russian: usually not a digraph, and pronounced [ʐd] (palatalized to [ʐdʲ] before ⟨ь⟩ and palatalizing vowels). However, in the word дождь ("rain") and its derivatives, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound [ʑː] (devoiced to [ɕː] in the nominative singular of дождь). The unpalatalized pronunciation [ʐː] in these words (unlike words with ⟨жж⟩ or ⟨зж⟩) is uncommon and considered nonstandard.

⟨ж ж⟩:

Russian: usually not a digraph, and pronounced [ʐː]. However, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound [ʑː] (though this is becoming increasingly outdated).

⟨ж ч⟩:

Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

⟨ж ъ⟩:

Adyghe: [ʐ]

⟨ж ъ у⟩:

Adyghe: [ʒʷ]

⟨ж ь⟩:

⟨ж ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [ʒʷ]

07З

⟨з в⟩ :

Archi: [zʷ]
Lezgian: [zʷ]

⟨з ж⟩

Russian: [ʐː] (regular) or [ʑː] (conservative Moscow pronunciation) (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

⟨з ч⟩:

Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

08И

⟨и и⟩ :

Archi: [iː]

⟨и и Ӏ⟩ :

Archi: [iːˤ]

⟨и й⟩:

Chechen: [iː]
Mongolian: [iː]

⟨и Ӏ⟩ :

Archi: [iˤ]

09К

⟨к в⟩:

Abaza: [kʷ]
Archi: [kʷʰ]
Lezgian: [kʷ] or [kʷʰ]
Khanty: [kʷ]

⟨к к⟩:

⟨к к в⟩:

Archi: [kːʷ]

⟨к к х⟩:

Chechen: [qː]

⟨к к ъ⟩:

Archi: [qːʼ]

⟨к к ъ Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [qːˤʼ]

⟨к к ъ Ӏ в⟩:

Archi: [qːˤʷʼ]

⟨к у⟩:

Adyghe: [kʷ]
Kabardian: [kʷ]
Ossetian: [kʷ] or [kʷʰ]
Also found in several other languages where ⟨у⟩ is used for labialization (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore does not result in a true digraph).

⟨к х⟩:

Chechen [q]
Ingush [q]

⟨к х ъ⟩

Kabardian: [q͡χ]

⟨к х ъ у⟩

Kabardian: [q͡χʷ]

⟨к ъ⟩:

⟨к ъ в⟩:

⟨к ъ у⟩:

⟨к ъ ь⟩:

Abaza: [qʲʼ]

⟨к ъ Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [qˤʼ]

⟨к ъ Ӏ в⟩:

Archi: [qˤʷʼ]

⟨к ь⟩:

⟨к ь в⟩:

Archi: [k͡ʟ̝̊ʷʼ]
Lezgian: [qʷʼ]

⟨к ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [kʼʷ]

⟨к Ӏ⟩:

⟨к Ӏ в⟩:

⟨к Ӏ к Ӏ⟩:

Avar: [kːʼ]

⟨к Ӏ у⟩:

Adyghe: [kʷʼ]
Kabardian: [kʷʼ]

⟨к Ӏ ь⟩:

Abaza: [kʲʼ]

⟨к ʼ⟩:

Itelmen: [kʼ]
Nivkh: [kʰ]

10Қ

⟨қ ь⟩:

Abkhaz: [kʰʲ]

⟨қ ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [kʷʰ]

11Ҟ

⟨ҟ ь⟩:

Abkhaz: [qʲʼ]

⟨ҟ ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [qʼʷ]

12Л

⟨л л ъ⟩:

Archi: [ʟ̝̊ː]

⟨л л ъ в⟩:

Archi: [ʟ̝̊ːʷ]

⟨л х⟩:

Moksha: [l̥]
Mongolian: [ɬʰ]

⟨л ъ⟩:

⟨л ъ в⟩:

Archi: [ʟ̝̊ʷ]

⟨л ъ л ъ⟩:

Avar: [ɬː]

⟨л ь⟩:

Abaza: [ɮ]

⟨л Ӏ⟩ :

⟨л Ӏ в⟩ :

Archi: [k͡ʟ̝̊ʷ]

13Н

⟨н г⟩:

Karachay-Balkar: [ŋ]
Kumyk: [ɴ] or [ŋ]
Uzbek: [ŋ]

⟨н ъ⟩:

Crimean Tatar: [ŋ]

⟨н ь⟩:

Yakut: [ɲ]
In the cyrillization of Chinese it is used for a word-final [n], equivalent to pinyin ⟨n⟩.

14О

⟨о в⟩:

Chechen: [ɔʊ]
Ingush: [ow]

⟨о е⟩:

Selkup: [æ]

⟨о н⟩:

Dungan [aŋ]

⟨о о⟩ :

Archi: [oː]
Shughni: [oː]

⟨о о Ӏ⟩ :

Archi: [oːˤ]

⟨о ь⟩:

Chechen: [ø]
Kumyk: [ø]
Nogai: [ø]

⟨о Ӏ⟩ :

Archi: [oˤ]

15П

⟨п п⟩

⟨п ъ⟩:

Ossetian: [pʼ]

⟨п Ӏ⟩ :

⟨п Ӏ у⟩ :

Adyghe: [pʷʼ]

⟨п ʼ⟩:

Itelmen: [pʼ]
Nivkh: [pʰ]

16Р

⟨р х⟩:

Moksha: [r̥]

⟨р х Ӏ⟩:

Chechen: [r̥]
Ingush [r̥]

17С

⟨с в⟩:

Archi: [sʷ]
Lezgian: [sʷ]

⟨с ж⟩:

Russian: [ʐː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

⟨с с⟩:

Aghul: [sː]
Archi: [sː]
Avar: [sː]
Chechen: [sː]

⟨с ч⟩:

Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

⟨с щ⟩:

Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

18Т

⟨т в⟩ :

Archi: [tʷʰ]
Lezgian: [tʷ] or [tʷʰ]

⟨т л⟩ :

Abaza: [ɬ]

⟨т т⟩:

⟨т ч⟩:

Russian: [t͡ɕ] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

⟨т ш⟩:

Abaza: [t͡ʃ]
Komi: [t͡ʃ]

⟨т щ⟩:

Russian: [tɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

⟨т ъ⟩:

Ossetian: [tʼ]

⟨т ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [tʼʷ]

⟨т Ӏ⟩:

⟨т Ӏ в⟩ :

Lezgian: [tʷʼ]

⟨т Ӏ у⟩:

Adyghe: [tʷʼ]

⟨т ʼ⟩:

Itelmen: [tʼ]
Nivkh: [tʰ]

19У

⟨у в⟩:

Chechen: [uː]
Ingush: [uw]

⟨у о⟩:

Shughni: [ɵ]

⟨у у⟩ :

Archi: [uː]
Shughni: [uː]

⟨у у Ӏ⟩ :

Archi: [uːˤ]

⟨у ь⟩:

Aghul: [y]
Chechen: [y]
Kumyk: [y]
Lezgian: [y]
Nogai: [y]
Tabasaran: [y]

⟨у ь й⟩:

Chechen: [yː]

⟨у Ӏ⟩ :

Archi: [uˤ]

20Ү

⟨ү й⟩:

Turkmen: (until 1993, in that year the Turkmen alphabet became Latin) [yː]

21Ф

⟨ф ф⟩:

Aghul: [fː]

⟨ф Ӏ⟩:

Abaza: [fʼ]
Kabardian: [fʼ]

22Х

⟨х в⟩:

Abaza: [χʷ]
Archi: [χʷ]
Lezgian: [χʷ]
Khanty: [χʷ] or [xv]

⟨х у⟩:

Kabardian: [xʷ]
Ossetian: [χʷ]

⟨х х⟩:

⟨х х в⟩:

Archi: [χːʷ]

⟨х х ь Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [χːˤ]

⟨х х ь Ӏ в⟩:

Archi: [χːˤʷ]

⟨х ъ⟩:

⟨х ъ в⟩:

⟨х ъ у⟩:

⟨х ъ Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [qˤʰ]

⟨х ъ Ӏ в⟩:

Archi: [qˤʷʰ]

⟨х ь⟩:

Abaza: [χʲ]
Abkhaz: [χʲ]
Adyghe: [ħ]
Aghul: [x]
Avar: [x]
Chechen: [ʜ]
Dargwa: [ç]
Ingush: [ʜ]
Kabardian: [ħ]
Lezgian: [x]
Tabasaran: [x]

⟨х ь в⟩:

Lezgian: [xʷ]

⟨х ь х ь⟩:

Aghul: [xː]
Avar: [xː]

⟨х ь Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [χˤ]

⟨х ь Ӏ в⟩:

Archi: [χˤʷ]

⟨х ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [χʷ]

⟨х Ӏ⟩:

Abaza: [ħ]
Aghul: [ħ]
Archi: [ʜ]
Avar: [ʜ]
Chechen: [h]
Dargwa: [ʁ]
Ingush [h]

⟨х Ӏ в⟩:

Abaza: [ħʷ]

23Ц

⟨ц в⟩ :

Archi: [t͡sʷ]
Lezgian: [t͡sʷ] or [t͡sʷʰ]

⟨ц з⟩:

In the cyrillization of Chinese it is used for [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ], equivalent to pinyin ⟨z⟩ and, before an iotated vowel, ⟨j⟩.

⟨ц у⟩:

Adyghe: [t͡sʷ]

⟨ц ц⟩:

⟨ц ц Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [t͡sːʼ]

⟨ц ъ⟩:

Ossetian: [t͡sʼ]

⟨ц ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [t͡ɕʷ]

⟨ц Ӏ⟩:

⟨ц Ӏ в⟩ :

Lezgian: [t͡sʷʼ]

⟨ц Ӏ ц Ӏ⟩:

Avar: [t͡sːʼ]

24Ч

⟨ч в⟩:

⟨ч ж⟩:

In the cyrillization of Chinese it is used for [t͡ʂ], equivalent to pinyin ⟨zh⟩.

⟨ч ч⟩:

⟨ч ъ⟩:

Adyghe: [t͡ʂ]
Ossetian: [t͡ʃʼ]

⟨ч Ӏ⟩:

⟨ч Ӏ в⟩:

Abaza: [t͡ʃʷʼ]
Archi: [t͡ʃʷʼ]

⟨ч Ӏ ч Ӏ⟩:

Avar: [t͡ʃːʼ]

⟨ч ʼ⟩:

Itelmen: [t͡ʃʼ]

25Ш

⟨ш в⟩:

⟨ш ч⟩:

Russian: [ɕː] (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)

⟨ш ъ⟩:

Adyghe: [ʂ]

⟨ш ъ у⟩:

Adyghe: [ʃʷ]

⟨ш ь⟩:

Abkhaz: [ʃ]

⟨ш ә⟩:

Abkhaz: [ʃʷ]

⟨ш Ӏ⟩:

Abaza: [t͡ʃʼ]
Adyghe: [ʃʼ]

⟨ш Ӏ у⟩:

Adyghe: [ʃʷʼ]

26Щ

⟨щ в⟩:

Archi: [ʃːʷ]

⟨щ Ӏ⟩:

Kabardian: [ɕʼ]

27Э

⟨э й⟩:

Shughni: [ɛj]

⟨э р⟩:

Dungan: [aɻ]

⟨э э⟩:

Archi: [eː]
Shughni: [eː]

⟨э э Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [eːˤ]

⟨э Ӏ⟩:

Archi: [eˤ]

28Ю

⟨ю й⟩:

In the cyrillization of Chinese it is used for [y], equivalent to pinyin ⟨yu⟩.

⟨ю ь⟩:

Chechen: [jy]

29Я

⟨я н⟩:

Dungan: [jæ̃]

⟨я ь⟩:

Chechen: [jæ]
Ingush [jæ]

30Ӏ

⟨Ӏ у⟩:

Adyghe: [ʔʷ]
Kabardian: [ʔʷ]

⟨Ӏ ь⟩:

Budukh: [ʔ̰]
Kabardian (dialectal): [h]

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Sources and credits

This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “List of Cyrillic multigraphs”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.

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List of Cyrillic multigraphs

01А

02Г

03Д

04Е

05Ё

06Ж

07З

08И

09К

10Қ

11Ҟ

12Л

13Н

14О

15П

16Р

17С

18Т

19У

20Ү

21Ф

22Х

23Ц

24Ч

25Ш

26Щ

27Э

28Ю

29Я

30Ӏ

Sources and credits

Related topics

Cyrillic alphabets

Cyrillic digraphs

List of Cyrillic letters