Voiced palatal plosive
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɟ⟩ in IPA
| Voiced alveolo-palatal plosive | |
|---|---|
| d̠ʲ | |
| ɟ᫈ | |
| Audio sample | |
| source · help |
A voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless ⟨j⟩ that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter ⟨f⟩ (i.e. ⟨f⟩).
If a distinction is necessary, a voiced alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed ⟨d̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized [d]) or ⟨ɟ᫈⟩ (advanced [ɟ]), depending on the linguistic analysis of that sound. There is also a para-IPA letter ⟨ȡ⟩ that is used primarily in Sinological phonetic notation.
[ɟ] is a less common sound worldwide than the voiced postalveolar affricate [d͡ʒ] because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge.
It is common for the symbol ⟨ɟ⟩ to be used to transcribe a palatalized voiced velar plosive [ɡʲ] or, as often in the Indo-Aryan languages, a postalveolar affricate [dʒ] , especially in phonemic notation. The latter may be appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified but the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive, or simply for a cleaner transcription.
01Features
Features of a voiced palatal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Alveolo-palatal variant is articulated also with the blade of the tongue at or behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
02Occurrence
Palatal or alveolo-palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | gjuha | [ˈɟuha] | 'tongue' | Merged with [d͡ʒ] in Gheg Albanian and some speakers of Tosk Albanian. | |
| Arabic | Some Northern Yemeni dialects | جمل | [ˈɟamal] | 'camel' | Corresponds to [d͡ʒ ~ ʒ ~ ɡ ~ j] in other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Rural and some urban Sudanese speakers | |||||
| Upper Egypt | |||||
| Aramaic | some Urmian & Koine speakers | ܓܒ̣ܪܐ/gavrɑ | [ɟoːrɑ] | 'husband' or 'man' lit. (male) person | Corresponds to /ɡ/ or /d͡ʒ/ in other dialects. |
| some Northern speakers | [ɟaʊrɑ] | ||||
| Azerbaijani | گۆنش/günəş | [ɟyˈnæʃ] | 'sun' | ||
| Basque | anddere | [äɲɟe̞ɾe̞] | 'doll' | ||
| Breton | Gwenedeg | gwenn | [ɟɥɛ̃n] | 'white' | Realization of /ɡ/ before front vowels. |
| Bulgarian | гьол | [ɟoɫ] | 'swamp' | Palatalized [g] in Standard Bulgarian, may also be realized as [ɡj] by some speakers. See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Mallorcan | guix | [ˈɟiɕ] | 'chalk' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Corsican | fighjulà | [viɟɟuˈla] | 'to watch' | ||
| Czech | dělit | [ˈɟ̟ɛlɪt]ⓘ | 'to divide' | Alveolo-palatal. See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | jir | [ɟir] | 'blunt' | ||
| Ega | [ɟé] | 'become numerous' | |||
| Friulian | gjat | [ɟat] | 'cat' | ||
| Ganda | jjajja | [ɟːaɟːa] | 'grandfather' | ||
| Hausa | gyara | [ɟːarːa] | 'repair' | ||
| Hungarian | gyám | [ɟäːm] | 'guardian' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | Gaeilge | [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] | 'Irish language' | See Irish phonology | |
| Latvian | ģimene | [ˈɟime̞ne̞] | 'family' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Livonian | kīņḑõl | [ˈkiːɲɟəl] | 'candle' | ||
| Macedonian | раѓање | [ˈraɟaɲɛ] | 'birth' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | Kelantan-Pattani | تراجڠ/terajang | [tə.ɣa.ɟɛ̃ː] | 'kick' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay |
| Munji | ڱب | [ɟɪb] | 'lost' | ||
| Norwegian | Central | fadder | [fɑɟːeɾ] | 'godparent' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Northern | |||||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | diguèt | [ɟiˈɡɛ] | 'said' (3rd pers. sing.) | See Occitan phonology |
| Limousin | dissèt | [ɟiˈʃɛ] | |||
| Pannonian Rusyn | Дюрдьов | [ˈɟurɟɔw] | 'Đurđevo' | Only occurs in loanwords; Old Slovak ď becomes дз in native inherits. | |
| Pitjantjatjara | Pitjantjatjara | [ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa] | See Pitjantjatjara dialect | ||
| Sicilian | travagghju | [ʈɽɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠] or [ʈ͡ʂɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠] | 'job, task' | ||
| Slovak | ďaleký | [ˈɟ̟äɫe̞kiː] | 'far' | Alveolo-palatal. See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish | ya | [ɟa] | 'already' | Realization of /ʝ/, may also be realized as [ɟʝ] in onset or after nasal consonant. See Spanish phonology | |
| malla | [ˈmaɟ̆a] | 'net' | Intervocalic allophonic realization of the above. | ||
| Turkish | güneş | [ɟyˈne̞ʃ]ⓘ | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese | North-central dialect | da | [ɟa˧] | 'skin' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Wu | Taizhou dialect | 共/gion6 | [ɟyoŋ] | 'together' | |
Post-palatal
| Voiced post-palatal or pre-velar plosive | |
|---|---|
| ɟ | |
| ɡ᫈ |
There is also a voiced post-palatal or pre-velar plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The IPA does not have a separate symbol for that sound, which can be transcribed as ⟨ɟ̠⟩, ⟨ɟ⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ɟ⟩), ⟨ɡ̟⟩, ⟨ɡ᫈⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɡ⟩), or ⟨ɡʲ⟩ (palatalized ⟨ɡ⟩, though this is more ambiguous than the others; see below).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | guix | [ˈɡ̟iɕ] | 'chalk' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel. See Catalan phonology | |
| English | geese | [ɡ̟iːs]ⓘ | 'geese' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels and /j/. See English phonology | |
| Greek | μετάγγιση/metággisi | [me̞ˈtɐŋ̟ɟ̠is̠i] | 'transfusion' | Post-palatal. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Italian | Standard | ghianda | [ˈɡ̟jän̪ːd̪ä] | 'acorn' | Post-palatal; allophone of /ɡ/ before /i, e, ɛ, j/. See Italian phonology |
| Japanese | 銀/gin | [ɡʲiɴ]ⓘ | 'silver' | ||
| Portuguese | amiguinho | [ɐmiˈɡ̟ĩɲu] | 'little buddy' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | ghimpe | [ˈɡ̟impe̞] | 'thorn' | Both an allophone of /ɡ/ before /i, e, j/ and the phonetic realization of /ɡʲ/. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | Standard | герб/gerb | [ɡ̟e̞rp] | 'coat of arms' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡʲ⟩. See Russian phonology |
| Spanish | guía | [ˈɡ̟i.ä] | 'guidebook' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel. See Spanish phonology | |
| Yanyuwa | [ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu] | 'sacred' | Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions. | ||
Sources and credits
This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “Voiced palatal plosive”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.
Images, from Wikimedia Commons:
- IPA Unicode 0x025F.svg by Martin Kozák, Public domain
- Voiced palatal plosive.svg by Tavin, Nardog, CC BY-SA 4.0
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