Aestivation (botany)
Positional arrangement of the parts of a flower within a flower bud before it has opened
Aestivation or estivation is the positional arrangement of the parts of a flower within a flower bud before it has opened. Aestivation is also sometimes referred to as praefoliation or prefoliation, but these terms may also mean vernation: the arrangement of leaves within a vegetative bud.
Aestivation can be an important taxonomic diagnostic; for example Malvaceae flower buds have valvate sepals, with the exception of the genera Fremontodendron and Chiranthodendron, which have sometimes been misplaced as a result.
01Terminology
The terms used to describe aestivation are the same as those used to describe leaf vernation.
Classes of aestivation include:
- crumpled
- decussate
- imbricate, overlapping
- contorted or twisted, every petal or sepal is outside its neighbour on one margin, and inside its neighbour on the other margin.
- cochleate, spirally twisted; may also refer to arrangements where one petal has its two edges outside those of the adjacent petals, one has its two edges both inside, and the other petals have one edge outside and the other inside.
- contortiplicate, contorted and also plicate.
- quincuncial, with five parts, where two petals or sepals are outside all others, two are inside all others, and the fifth is outside on one margin and inside on the other.
- contorted or twisted, every petal or sepal is outside its neighbour on one margin, and inside its neighbour on the other margin.
- induplicate, folded inwards.
- open, petals or sepals do not overlap or even touch each other .
- reduplicate, folded outwards.
- valvate, margins of adjacent petals or sepals touch each other without overlapping.
- vexillary, a special type of aestivation occurring in plants like pea; in this type of aestivation a large petal called standard encloses two smaller petals.
Sources and credits
This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “Aestivation (botany)”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.
Images, from Wikimedia Commons:
- Aestivation.png by Griensteidl, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Blüthendiagramme - Figure 1 - vectorized.svg by TiagoLubiana, CC0
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