Kare language (Adamawa)

Kare has the following consonantal phonemes:

It has the following vowel phonemes:

There is a phonological contrast between high and low tone (e.g. sá 'say' vs. sà 'laugh'), and a rarer phonetic mid tone whose phonological status is not established. Only monosyllabic words may bear rising or falling tone.

The basic word order of Kare is subject-verb-object:

e.g.

kɛ́

3SG

hòrò

eat

húrù

manioc

kɛ́ hòrò húrù

3SG eat manioc

'he ate manioc'.

Negation is handled with the sentence-final particle yá 'not'; when negated, the locative copula yè 'be (in a place)' is replaced by tí, and the equative copula ɓá 'be (equivalent to)' by tí ɓá.

Verbal nouns are formed by raising the last syllable's tone and adding a suffix -Cà, where C = l or r after an oral vowel, n after a nasal vowel, and is empty after a consonant: fà 'deny' > fárà 'denial', sɛ̀l 'untie' > sɛ́là 'untying'.

Pronouns

Kare has no grammatical gender. Its personal pronouns are as follows:

To these may be added hánà 'each other, other'.

Noun phrases

There is a closed class of morphologically invariant adjectives (e.g. fé 'new', sɛ́ŋɛ́ 'red'), which typically precede the noun but may also follow it to indicate a permanent quality, or may be used as nouns in their own right. Determiners (hánà 'other', kɛ́ 'the', yɛ̀í 'this', yɔ̀ɔ́ 'that', nɛ̄ 'that yonder') follow the noun, and are followed by the plural marker rì:

e.g.

nzù

person

kɛ́

DEF

rí

PL

pí

also

nzù kɛ́ rí pí

person DEF PL also

'the people too'

Numerals and quantifiers come at the end, following the (optional) plural marker:

e.g.

nzù

person

ndíɓí

five

nzù ndíɓí

person five

'five people'

e.g.

nzù

person

rì

PL

sérè

two

nzù rì sérè

person PL two

'two people'

Direct genitives are formed by juxtaposition

e.g.

sã̀ũ̀

root

lìà

story

sã̀ũ̀ lìà

root story

'the story's basis'

analytic genitives use the particle ʔà

e.g.

vùn

house

ʔà

GEN

bá

father

vùn ʔà bá

house GEN father

'the father's house'

Relative clauses are formed with a demonstrative followed (not always immediately) by the relative marker ɗá

e.g.

nzù

person

yɛ̀í

this

ɗá

REL

rí

rob

mí

me

léóɗáà

yesterday

nzù yɛ̀í ɗá rí mí léóɗáà

person this REL rob me yesterday

'the person who robbed me yesterday'

Prepositions

All adpositions in Kare precede their complement. There are four primary (pure) prepositions: kà 'with (instrumental)', té 'with (comitative)', ʔá 'in', báŋ 'like',

e.g.

kɛ́

3SG

ɡí

come

té

with

bá

father

nɛ̄

3SG.POSS

kɛ́ ɡí té bá nɛ̄

3SG come with father 3SG.POSS

'he came with his father'

Alongside these there are a number of secondary postpositions transparently derived from nouns (often body parts), e.g. tûl 'head' > túl 'on top of'.