Stillingia
Genus of flowering plants
Stillingia is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae, first described for modern science as a genus in 1767. The genus is native to Latin America, the southern United States, and various islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Toothleaf is a common name for plants in this genus.
It is known to contain diterpene esters.
It can grow up to 4 feet, but most Toothleaf do not.
01Medical use
Stillingia sylvatica was used by Native Americans for syphilis and as a cathartic, diuretic, laxative, and emetic. In large doses, it causes vomiting and diarrhea.
Stillingia root is one of the ingredients in Hoxsey Herbal Therapy, which is promoted as an alternative cancer treatment. There is no medical evidence to support use of Stillingia to treat cancer, infections, or other medical conditions.
02Taxonomy
Species include:
- Stillingia acutifolia - Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
- Stillingia aquatica - Georgia, Florida, Alabama, S Carolina
- Stillingia argutedentata - Minas Gerais
- Stillingia bicarpellaris - San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Coahuila
- Stillingia bodenbenderi - São Paulo, Córdoba
- Stillingia dichotoma - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro
- Stillingia diphtherina - S Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
- Stillingia dusenii - Paraná
- Stillingia linearifolia - SW USA, N + S Baja California, Sonora, Guadalupe I
- Stillingia lineata - Réunion, Mauritius, Philippines, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Is, Fiji
- Stillingia oppositifolia - Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais
- Stillingia parvifolia - Peru
- Stillingia paucidentata - S California, SW Arizona
- Stillingia peruviana - Huancavelica
- Stillingia pietatis - Michoacán
- Stillingia querceticola - Nayarit
- Stillingia salpingadenia - Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina
- Stillingia sanguinolenta - C + S Mexico, Honduras
- Stillingia saxatilis - Bahia, Minas Gerais
- Stillingia scutellifera - Paraguay, Misiones
- Stillingia spinulosa - SW USA, Baja California, Sonora
- Stillingia sylvatica - SE + SC USA
- Stillingia tenella - Bolivia, Jujuy
- Stillingia terminalis - Madagascar
- Stillingia texana - Texas, Oklahoma, Coahuila
- Stillingia trapezoidea - Piauí
- Stillingia treculiana - Texas, Nuevo León, Coahuila
- Stillingia uleana - Bahia, Minas Gerais
- Stillingia zelayensis - C + S Mexico, Central America
Many species formerly in Stillingia have been moved to other genera, including Actinostemon, Adenopeltis, Anomostachys, Balakata, Bonania, Ditrysinia, Excoecaria, Grimmeodendron, Gymnanthes, Homalanthus, Maprounea, Microstachys, Neoshirakia, Sapium, Sclerocroton, Sebastiania, Shirakiopsis, Spegazziniophytum, Spirostachys, and Triadica.
- S. africana - Spirostachys africana
- S. agallocha - Excoecaria agallocha
- S. appendiculata - Sebastiania appendiculata
- S. arborescens - Sebastiania granatensis
- S. asperococca - Microstachys chamaelea
- S. aucuparia - Sapium glandulosum
- S. baccata - Balakata baccata
- S. bahiensis - Sebastiania bahiensis
- S. bidentata - Microstachys bidentata
- S. biglandulosa - Sapium glandulosum
- S. bingyrica Baill. - Shirakiopsis indica
- S. brasiliensis - Sebastiania brasiliensis
- S. brevifolia - Sebastiania brevifolia
- S. campestris - Microstachys corniculata
- S. chamaelea - Microstachys chamaelea
- S. cochinchinensis - Triadica cochinchinensis
- S. commersoniana - Sebastiania klotzschiana
- S. concolor - Actinostemon concolor
- S. coriacea - Microstachys marginata
- S. corniculata - Microstachys corniculata
- S. cremostachys - Sebastiania klotzschiana
- S. crotonoides - Microstachys hispida
- S. cruenta - Sebastiania cruenta
- S. cubana - Bonania cubana
- S. daphniphylla - Sebastiania daphniphylla
- S. desertorum - Sebastiania brasiliensis
- S. discolor Champ. ex Benth. 1854 - Triadica cochinchinensis
- S. discolor (Spreng.) Baill. 1865 - Gymnanthes discolor
- S. diversifolia - Shirakiopsis indica
- S. dracunculoides - Sapium glandulosum
- S. eglandulosa - Grimmeodendron eglandulosum
- S. elliptica - Shirakiopsis elliptica
- S. frutescens - Ditrysinia fruticosa
- S. fruticosa - Ditrysinia fruticosa
- S. gaudichaudii - Gymnanthes gaudichaudii
- S. glabrata - Gymnanthes glabrata
- S. glandulosa - Adenopeltis serrata
- S. goudotiana - Excoecaria goudotiana
- S. guianensis - Maprounea guianensis
- S. guineensis - Excoecaria guineensis
- S. haematantha - Sapium glandulosum
- S. hastata - Microstachys ditassoides
- S. heterodoxa - Microstachys heterodoxa
- S. hilariana - Maprounea guianensis
- S. himalayensis - Excoecaria acerifolia
- S. hippomane - Sapium glandulosum
- S. hypoleuca - Gymnanthes hypoleuca
- S. indica - Shirakiopsis indica
- S. integerrima - Sclerocroton integerrimus
- S. jacobinensis - Sebastiania jacobinensis
- S. japonica - Neoshirakia japonica
- S. lanceolaria - Triadica cochinchinensis
- S. lastellei - Anomostachys lastellei
- S. laureola - Sebastiania laureola
- S. laurifolia - Sapium laurifolium
- S. laurocerasus - Sapium laurocerasum
- S. ligustrina - Ditrysinia fruticosa
- S. luschnathiana - Gymnanthes glabrata
- S. madagascariensis - Excoecaria madagascariensis
- S. marginata - Sapium glandulosum
- S. melanosticta - Sclerocroton melanostictus
- S. multiramea - Gymnanthes glabrata
- S. myrtilloides - Microstachys daphnoides
- S. nervosa - Gymnanthes nervosa
- S. nutans - Homalanthus nutans
- S. obovata - Sapium obovatum
- S. pachystachya - Sebastiania pachystachya
- S. paniculata - Balakata baccata
- S. patagonica - Spegazziniophytum patagonicum
- S. phyllanthiformis - Sebastiania schottiana
- S. populnea - Homalanthus populneus
- S. prostrata - Microstachys corniculata
- S. prunifolia - Sapium glandulosum
- S. pteroclada - Sebastiania pteroclada
- S. ramosissima - Sebastiania brasiliensis
- S. rigida - Sebastiania rigida
- S. salicifolia Klotzsch ex Baill. 1865 not (Torr.) Raf. 1832 nor Small 1903 - Sapium haematospermum
- S. schottiana - Sebastiania schottiana
- S. sebifera - Triadica sebifera
- S. sellowiana - Microstachys corniculata
- S. serrata - Sebastiania serrata
- S. serrulata - Microstachys serrulata
- S. sinensis - Triadica sebifera
- S. stipulacea - Microstachys stipulacea
- S. thouarsiana - Excoecaria thouarsiana
- S. trinervia - Sebastiania trinervia
- S. velutina - Microstachys corniculata
- S. virgata - Microstachys bidentata
- S. weddelliana - Sebastiania weddelliana
- S. widgrenii - Gymnanthes widgrenii
- S. ypanemensis - Sebastiania ypanemensis
Sources and credits
This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “Stillingia”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.
Images, from Wikimedia Commons:
- Stillingia linearifolia 001.jpg by Joe Decruyenaere, CC BY-SA 2.0
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