Polyiodide
Anions composed of many iodine atoms
The polyiodides are a class of polyhalogen anions composed entirely of iodine atoms. The most common member is the triiodide ion, I−3. Other known larger polyiodides include [I4]2−, [I5]−, [I6]2−, [I7]−, [I8]2−, [I9]−, [I10]2−, [I10]4−, [I11]3−, [I12]2−, [I13]3−, [I14]4-, [I16]2−, [I22]4−, [I26]3−, [I26]4−, [I28]4− and [I29]3−. All these can be considered as formed from the interaction of the I, , I2, and I−3 building blocks.
01Preparation
The polyiodides can be made by addition of stoichiometric amounts of I2 to solutions containing I− and I−3, with the presence of large countercations to stabilize them. For example, KI3·H2O can be crystallized from a saturated solution of KI when a stoichiometric amount of I2 is added and cooled.
![The 14-membered ring array of iodine atoms in [([16]aneS4)PdIPd([16]aneS4)][I11]](https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Solid_state_structure_of_the_%28I11%293-_ion_in_%28%28%2816%29aneS4%29PdIPd%28%2816%29aneS4%29%29%28I11%29.png/960px-Solid_state_structure_of_the_%28I11%293-_ion_in_%28%28%2816%29aneS4%29PdIPd%28%2816%29aneS4%29%29%28I11%29.png)
02Structure
Polyiodides adopt diverse structures. Most can be considered as associations of I2, I−, and I−3 units. Discrete polyiodides are usually linear. The more complex two- or three-dimensional network structures of chains and cages are formed as the ions interact with each other, with their shapes depending on their associated cations quite strongly, a phenomenon named dimensional caging. The table below lists the polyiodide salts which have been structurally characterized, along with their counter-cation.
| Anion | Counter-cation | Structural description |
|---|---|---|
| [I2]− | Na(C3H6O)+3 | linear |
| [I3]− | Cs+, (C4H9)4N+ | linear |
| [I4]2− | [Cu(NH3)4]2+ | symmetric linear array of iodine atoms |
| [I5]− | [EtMe3N]+ | V-shaped with polymeric layers |
| [EtMePh2N]+ | V-shaped with isolated [I5]− ions | |
| [I6]2− | [NH3(CH2)8NH3]2+ | almost linear [] |
| [I7]− | [Ag(18aneS6)]+ | an anionic network derived from a primitive rhombohedral lattice of iodide ions bridged by I2 molecules |
| [I8]2− | [Ni(phen)3]2+ | regular anionic shapes, can be described as [I−3·I2·I−3] or [I−3·I−5] |
| [I9]− | [Me2iPr PhN]+ | 14-membered ring tied by two I2 bridges to give 10-membered rings |
| [Me4N]+ | non-octahedral, but a twisted "h"-like arrangement of I−3 and I2 units | |
| [I10]2− | [Cd(12-crown-4)2]2+; Theophyllinium | twisted ring configuration with two I−3 units linked by two I2 molecules |
| [I11]3− | [(16aneS4)PdIPd(16aneS4)]3+ | 14-membered ring (9.66 × 12.64 Å) around the complex cation, with the rings interlink further to give an infinite 2D sheet |
| [I12]2− | [Ag2(15aneS5)2]2+ | extended 3D spiral superstructure supported by Ag-I bonds and weak I⋯S interactions |
| [Cu(Dafone)3]2+ | planar configuration | |
| [I13]3− | [Me2Ph2N]+ | consists of zigzag chains of I− and I2 |
| [I14]4− | 4,4′-bipyridinium | double hook [I−3·I2·I−·I2·I−·I2·I−3] |
| [I16]2− | [Me2Ph2N]+ | centrosymmetric arrangement of [I−7·I2·I−7] |
| [iPrMe2PhN]+ | the anion forms 14-membered rings catenated by I2 molecules, which further link into layers with 10- and 14-membered rings | |
| [I22]4− | [MePh3P]+ | two L-shaped [I5]− units linked by an I2 molecule and completed by two end-on [I5]− groups |
| [I26]3− | [Me3S]+ | consists of [I5]− and [I7]− ions with intercalated I2 molecules |
| [I26]4− | Cp*2Fe+ | an anionic network derived from a primitive cubic lattice built from I− ions, with I2 bridges on all edges and systematically removing 1⁄12 of the I2 molecules |
| [I29]3− | Cp2Fe+ | an anionic 3D network with a cage-like structure of [{(I−5)1⁄2·I2}·{(I2−12)1⁄2·I2}·I2], with [Cp2Fe]+ ions interacting with the anion in the cavities |
| [I∞]δ− | Pyrroloperylene+• | Infinite polyiodide homopolymer. |
![The primitive cubic lattice of iodide ions bridge by I2 molecules, present in [Cp*2Fe]4[I26]](https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Solid_state_structure_of_%28I26%294-_in_%28DMFc%294%28I26%29.png/960px-Solid_state_structure_of_%28I26%294-_in_%28DMFc%294%28I26%29.png)
03Reactivity
Polyiodide compounds are generally sensitive to light.
Triiodide, I−3, undergoes unimolecular photodissociation. Polyiodide has been used to improve the scalability in the synthesis of halide perovskite photovoltaic materials.
04Conductivity
Sources and credits
This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “Polyiodide”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.
Images, from Wikimedia Commons:
- Solid state structure of the (I11)3- ion in (((16)aneS4)PdIPd((16)aneS4))(I11).png by LHcheM, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Solid state structure of (I26)4- in (DMFc)4(I26).png by LHcheM, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Structures of some polyiodide ions.png by LHcheM, CC BY-SA 3.0
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