Pemon language
Cariban language spoken in Venezuela
The Pemon language (or Pemón in Spanish) is an Indigenous language of the Cariban family spoken by some 30,000 Pemon people, in Venezuela's Southeast, particularly in the Canaima National Park, in the Roraima State of Brazil and in Guyana.
It covers several dialects, including Arecuna (or Arekuna), Camaracota, Camaracoto, Ingariko (or Ingarikó), and Taulipang or Taurepan (Camaracoto may be a distinct language). The Pemon language may also be known and designated informally by one of the two dialects Arecuna (or Arekuna) or Ingariko (or Ingarikó), or incorrectly under the name Kapon which normally designates another closely related small group of languages.
Pemon is one of several other closely related Venezuelan Cariban languages which also include the Macushi and Kapon (or Kapong, also sometimes used by natives to name the Pemon language itself, even if Kapon strictly covers only the two Akawaio and Patamona languages). These four languages (including Macushi) form the group of Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages. The broad Kapon (or Kapong) and selective Ingariko (or Ingarikó) terms are also used locally as a common ethnonym grouping Pemón, Akawaio, and Patamono peoples (and sometimes as well the Macushi people), and may be used as well to refer to the group of the four Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages that they speak.
01Typology
02Writing
Pemon was an oral language until the 20th century. Then efforts were made to produce dictionaries and grammars, primarily by Catholic missionaries, specially Armellada and Gutiérrez Salazar. The Latin alphabet has been used, adding diacritic signs to represent some phonemes not existing in Spanish.
03Phonology
Vowels
Arekuna Pemon has the following vowels:
There are still texts only using Spanish characters, without distinguishing between pairs such as /o/ and /ɤ/. Diphthong sounds are [aɪ, au, ɔɪ, eɪ].
Consonants
Allophones of /s n k j/ are [tʃ ŋ ʔ ʎ].
04Grammar
Pronouns in Pemon are:
| Pemon | English |
|---|---|
| yuré | 'I, me' |
| amäre | 'you' (singular) |
| muere, mesere | 'he, she' |
| urekon | 'we' |
| ina | 'we' (exclusive) |
| amärenokon | 'you' (plural) |
| ichamonan | 'they, them' |
05Literature
- Edwards, Walter F. (1978). "A Preliminary Sketch of Arekuna (Carib) Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 44 (3): 223, 227. JSTOR 1264946.
- Gutiérrez Salazar, Mariano (2001). Gramática didáctica de la lengua pemón (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. ISBN 980-244-282-8.
- de Armellada, Cesáreo; Olza, Jesús (1999). Gramática de la lengua pemón (morfosintaxis) (in Spanish). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.
Sources and credits
This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “Pemon language”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.
Images, from Wikimedia Commons:
- Pemon language map.svg by Kepler-1229b, CC BY-SA 4.0
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