Isparta
Municipality in Turkey
Isparta is a city in western Turkey. It is the seat of Isparta Province and Isparta District. Its population is 247,580 (2022). Its elevation is 1035 m. It is known as the "City of Roses". Isparta is well-connected to other parts of Turkey via roads. Antalya lies 130 km to the south and Eskişehir is 350 km to the north. Süleyman Demirel University has introduced thousands of youths from varied backgrounds to the city's mostly conservative fabric in recent years. The city’s football team, Isparta 32 Spor, was founded in 1976 in Isparta. The club’s colors are green and pink, and the team plays its home matches at the 4,345-seat Isparta Atatürk City Stadium. It currently competes in the TFF Second League.
01History
Hittites c. 1600-1200 BC
Phrygia c. 800-695 BC
Achaemenid Empire c. 547-333 BC
Macedonian Empire 333-323 BC
Kingdom of Pergamon c. 281-133 BC
Roman Empire 133 BC-395 AD
Byzantine Empire 395-1071
Seljuk Empire 1071-1077
Sultanate of Rum 1077-1243
Ilkhanate 1243-1335
Hamidids c. 1301-1391
Ottoman Empire 1391-1922
Turkey 1923-present
- 1071: Conquered by the Seljuk Turks.
- Late 13th century: Becomes part of the Hamidids.
- 1381: Isparta is sold to the Ottoman sultan Murad I by the Hamidid Emir.
- Late 19th century: Muslim refugees from the Balkans settle around Isparta. The Bulgarian refugees brought the knowledge of kazanlik rosewater production with them, leading to Isparta's nickname: city of roses.
- 1914: According to the 1914 Ottoman population statistics, the district of Isparta had a total population of 54.465, consisting of 46.698 Muslims, 6.648 Greeks and 1.119 Armenians.
- 1923: The Greek inhabitants of the area were forced to move to Greece under the Greco-Turkish population exchange.
Roman era
Isparta is a Turkish spelling of Greek Sparta, by prothesis declustering. Isparta was said to correspond to the ancient city of Baris, which is a namesake and was part of the Roman province of Pisidia. A later theory has it instead as the Eastern Roman fortress Saporda; in Muslim sources it appears as Sabarta. GE Bean characterized the situation thus: "These perpetually shifting conceptions leave the reader quite bewildered." Modern scholars locate Baris near Kılıç, in Keçiborlu district, Isparta province.
Notable flight crashes
On 19 September 1976, Turkish Airlines Flight 452, a Boeing 727 aircraft, crashed on a hill in Isparta, also known Mount Karatepe, killing all 154 passengers and crew. On 30 November 2007, Atlasjet Flight 4203 crashed on approach to Isparta Süleyman Demirel Airport, killing all 57 passengers and crew.
02Ecclesiastical history
At an early stage it became a Christian bishopric, a suffragan of the Metropolitan see of Antioch of Pisidia, the capital of the province. The names of two of its bishops are known with certainty: Heraclius participated in the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and Leo in the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. In addition, Paulus was at the Council of Constantinople (869) and Stephanus was at the Council of Constantinople (879), but one or both of these may have been of the Baris in the Roman province of Hellespontus.
In the middle of the 19th century, the city had around 1,000 Greek Orthodox Christian families.
Titular See
No longer a residential bishopric, 'Baris in Pisidia' is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular bishopric, nominal suffragan of Nicomedia, since the diocese was nominally restored in 1933: Latin adjective Baren(us) in Pisidia (Latin). It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank:
- Alfred Bertram Leverman (1948.04.24, 1953.07.27) as Auxiliary Bishop of Halifax (Canada) (1948.04.24, 1953.07.27); later Bishop of Saint John, New Brunswick (Canada) (1953.07.27, 1968.09.07), emeritate as Titular Bishop of Altava (1968.09.07, death 1972.04.28)
- José de Almeida Batista Pereira (1953.12.22, 1955.11.07) as Auxiliary Bishop of Niterói (Brazil) (1953.12.22, 1955.11.07), Bishop of Sete Lagoas (Brazil) (1955.11.07, 1964.04.02), Bishop of Guaxupé (Brazil) (1964.04.02, retired 1976.01.16); died 2009
- António Cardoso Cunha (1956.03.09, 1967.01.10), first as Auxiliary Bishop of Beja (Portugal) (1956.03.09, 1965), then as Coadjutor Bishop of Vila Real (Portugal) (1965, 1967.01.10), next succeeded as Bishop of Vila Real (1967.01.10, retired 1991.01.19), died 2004.
03Economy
The main economic activities of Isparta are the production of rosewater and handmade carpets. Tourism, both local and increasingly international due to "biblical tourism", is becoming an important source of revenue. In the early 20th century, carpetmaking was a major industry in Isparta.
04Climate
Isparta has a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), or a temperate continental climate (Trewartha climate classification: Dc). Winters are chilly, rainy and often snowy, summers are hot and dry. The lakes around the city have an important moderating influence on the climate. Precipitation occurs mostly in the winter months, with a notable decrease in summer.
| Climate data for Isparta (1991-2020, extremes 1929-2023) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.5 (85.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
36.2 (97.2) |
39.2 (102.6) |
40.3 (104.5) |
37.4 (99.3) |
33.5 (92.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
40.3 (104.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
3.3 (37.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
1.3 (34.3) |
4.8 (40.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.2 (−2.6) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−18.5 (−1.3) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
4.3 (39.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 70.3 (2.77) |
51.5 (2.03) |
55.2 (2.17) |
51.6 (2.03) |
60.1 (2.37) |
30.9 (1.22) |
19.3 (0.76) |
16.1 (0.63) |
20.8 (0.82) |
38.5 (1.52) |
43.6 (1.72) |
68.4 (2.69) |
526.3 (20.72) |
| Average precipitation days | 12.17 | 10.97 | 11.10 | 11.60 | 12.20 | 7.60 | 3.83 | 4.10 | 4.93 | 7.27 | 7.73 | 11.63 | 105.1 |
| Average snowy days | 5.5 | 5 | 2.75 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.54 | 2.5 | 16.79 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73.8 | 69.7 | 65 | 62 | 60.6 | 54.4 | 47.3 | 48.9 | 53.7 | 63.1 | 68.5 | 74.8 | 61.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 115.4 | 136.6 | 178.2 | 202.6 | 247.6 | 296.2 | 335.9 | 315.6 | 274.1 | 216.1 | 164.0 | 107.9 | 2,590.3 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.7 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 8.1 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 3.6 | 7.1 |
| Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA(humidity, sun 1991-2020), Meteomanz(snow days 2000-2023) | |||||||||||||
05Sights
The city lies close to a fault line and is thus prone to violent earthquakes. Most of the ancient city was destroyed by an earthquake 1914. So there are only a few historical buildings left. The oldest building is the Kutlu Bey Mosque (or Ulu Camii, which means great Mosque), built in 1429 by Kutlu Bey, a general of Sultan Murad II. It was very badly destroyed by the earthquake 1914, but restored 1922. Famous is the Firdevs-Bey-Camii (Mosque) (also: Firdevs Paşa Camii, Mimar Sinan Camii) from 1561. The mosque and the neighboring Bedesten (market hall) are attributed to the architect Sinan. Badly damaged by earthquake in 1914, it was renovated afterwards. Most of the churches have been destroyed, only a few remain, especially the Aya Payana Church (Turkish: Aya Baniya Kilisesi); a Greek-Orthodox church from 1750. In a state of ruin since 1923, the roof was re-covered in 1999. Another renovation is planned but has not yet been carried out (as of 2022)
The city also has a museum.
Other sights include:
06Notable people
- Aylin Cesur, doctor and politician
- Erkan Mumcu, politician and the former of Minister of National Education, Minister of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)
- Süleyman Demirel, former prime minister of Turkey and president of Turkey, was born in the village of Islamköy close to Isparta
- Cahit Berkay, musician
- Zeki Demirkubuz, He is a Turkish director, screenwriter, and actor, internationally recognized for Masumiyet and films such as Üçüncü Sayfa, Yazgı, İtiraf, and Kader.
07Mayors of Isparta
08Twin towns, sister cities
09Sources and external links
- Hunt for clues in Turkish crash
- Isparta City Portal, All about Isparta
- GCatholic, (titular) bishopric
Sources and credits
This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “Isparta”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.
Images, from Wikimedia Commons:
- DaglardanIsparta.jpg by Isparta at Turkish Wikipedia, Public domain
- ISPARTA TR (8).JPG by Feranza, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Atatürk, Isparta, 6 Mart 1930.jpg by Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain
- Isbarteh Vue prise dans la ville - Laborde Léon Emmanuel Simon Joseph - 1838.jpg by Léon de Laborde, Public domain
- Isparta museum Men a local god 2810.jpg by Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Lake Kovada.jpg by Spica-Vega Photo Arts Banu Nazikcan, CC BY-SA 4.0
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