Hadramautic language
Extinct Old South Arabian language
Ḥaḍramautic or Ḥaḍramic was the easternmost of the four known languages of the Old South Arabian subgroup of the Semitic languages. It was used in the Kingdom of Hadhramaut and also the area round the Hadhramite capital of Shabwa, in what is now Yemen. The Hadramites also controlled the trade in frankincense through their important trading post of Sumhuram (Hadramautic s1mhrm), now Khor Rori in the Dhofar Governorate, Oman.
01Script and phonology
Almost the entire body of evidence for the ancient Ḥaḍramautic language comes from inscriptions written in the monumental Ancient South Arabian script, consisting of 29 letters, and deriving from the Proto-Sinaitic script. The sounds of the language were essentially the same as those of Sabaic.
Noteworthy characteristics of Ḥaḍramautic include its tendency, especially in inscriptions from Wadi Ḥaḍhramaut, to represent Old South Arabian ṯ as s3: thus we find s2ls3 ("three"; cf. Sabaean s2lṯ.) There are also instances where ṯ is written for an older form s3; e.g. Ḥaḍramautic mṯnad ("inscription"), which is msnd in the rest of Old South Arabian.
02History
Potsherds with Ancient South Arabian letters on them, found in Raybūn, the old Ḥaḍramitic capital, have been radiocarbon dated to the 12th century BC. The language was certainly in use from 800 BC but in the fourth century AD, the Kingdom of Hadhramaut was conquered by the Ḥimyarites, who used Sabaic as an official language, and after then there are no more records in Ḥaḍramautic.
During the course of the language's history there appeared particular phonetic changes, such as the change from ˤ to ˀ, from ẓ to ṣ, from ṯ to s3. As in other Semitic languages n can be assimilated to a following consonant, compare ʾnfs1 "souls" > ʾfs1
In Ḥaḍramautic the third person pronouns begin with s1. It has feminine forms ending in ṯ and s3.
Sources and credits
This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “Hadramautic language”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.
Images, from Wikimedia Commons:
- Hadramawt 400 BC.jpg by Tiwahi, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Placca con iscrizione hadhramitica, da sumhuram, dhofar, età del bronzo.jpg by Francesco Bini, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Incense burner, from Shabwah, Yemen, c. 3rd century CE. Nude male riding a camel. Hadramitic inscription, 2 lines. British Museum, London.jpg by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0
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