Counter-protest

While counter-protests may involve physical confrontation, they also employ non-violent strategies to undermine opposing movements. This phenomenon is sometimes described as "soft repression," where non-state actors in civil society use collective mobilization to limit or exclude oppositional ideas. Unlike "hard repression" utilized by the state, which involves police or military force, soft repression relies on ridicule, stigma, and silencing.

Ridicule is a micro-level tactic involving the mocking or trivializing of the opposing group to diminish their standing. For example, feminist activists in the 1960s were derided with labels such as "bra-burners" or "women's lib," caricatures intended to diminish their political demands. At the meso-level, counter-movements may actively mobilize stigma to discourage identification with a cause. This tactic creates an environment where association with a movement becomes a source of discredit, such as framing affirmative action beneficiaries as "unqualified" to deter support. Finally, at the macro-level, counter-movements and civil society institutions may work to silence opposing voices from public discourse, particularly within mass media. This involves creating an environment where specific movements are ignored or their perspectives are systematically excluded from news coverage.

Experimental studies show that they way counter-protests are conducted can influence how the targeted movement is perceived. The use of non-normative means (e.g., violence or other disruptive tactics) can be perceived as an attack on the original protesters' right to free speech. This perceived attack then increases the sympathy for the original protesters. However, the same study did not find that the mere presence of counter-protests (without describing their tactics) influences public opinion. Moreover, the status of the groups involved also moderated the experimental effects. For instance, sympathy increased when White nationalists conducted a violent counter-protest against immigrant rights activist, but not in the reverse scenario.

Cuba

In Cuba, various organizations can organize violent pro-government rallies known as "mitines de repudio" (repudiation meetings, often sponsored by the CDR) against groups such as Ladies in White and help in loading the opposition members into police buses directed to a nearby jail.

United Kingdom

Since World War II, protests by fascist, racist or counter-religious organizations have often been met by anti-racist or anti-fascist groups, many of which are aligned with the Labour Party. Counter-protest activity has been ramped up against anti-Islamist or anti-Muslim organizations since the September 11 attacks in the United States. During the 2024 United Kingdom riots, many anti-racist and anti-fascist organisations, such as Unite Against Fascism, counter protested against far right protesters, many Muslim youth and men also counter protested against far right protesters.

United States

Counter-antiwar protests

Since the announcement of the impending invasion on Iraq in 2003, anti-war protests were met with counter-protests by pro-war and socially-conservative groups such as Protest Warrior.

Counter-healthcare reform protests

After Barack Obama launched an initiative for healthcare reform, protests against government and Congress members by Tea Party members at townhall meetings were met with counter-protests by progressive/liberal activists and pro-labor unionists.

Counter-protests against the Westboro Baptist Church

The Westboro Baptist Church, which achieved notoriety for protesting homosexuality at various locations and events at which they were not invited, have been met with various counter-protests, including participation from high school and college students when the church members arrived to protest at their campuses.