Cissonius
Gaulish epithet of the god Mercury
Cissonius (also Cisonius) is an epithet of the Roman god Mercury recorded in Latin votive inscriptions of the Gallo-Roman period. It is among the native surnames of Mercury that recur at several sites in the western provinces, with dedications concentrated in Germania Superior and the neighbouring parts of Gallia Belgica, Germania Inferior and Raetia. Most texts pair the name with Mercury as Mercurius Cissonius, although in a few dedications Cissonius is invoked without Mercury. The name is attested only in inscriptions, and its meaning is disputed.
01Name
The name occurs in the forms Cissonius and Cisonius. Jan de Vries also noted a variant Cessonius.
The meaning of the name is disputed. Jean-Jacques Hatt derived it from Gaulish *cissum ('carriage'), which would present Mercury as a god of carters. Xavier Delamarre instead connected the name with Gaulish *sounos ('sleep, dream') and tentatively analysed it as *cit-souno- ('bringing dreams'), while marking the derivation as uncertain. Jan de Vries noted that many of Mercury's native surnames remain obscure and that some do not look Celtic at all.
02Cult and interpretation
Mercury was the Roman god most often depicted and invoked in Gaul, and inscriptions there regularly attach a native surname to him. Cissonius is one of the epithets that recur at several places, alongside Visucius and Arvernus. James MacKillop places it among the surnames that suggest a shade of identity distinct from the Roman Mercury, and in several dedications the name is used without Mercury, as deus Cissonius.
On Hatt's etymology, William Van Andringa notes that the surname would present Mercury as a god of carters, in keeping with his role as a god of commerce and travel, and points out that at Nida the god was invoked both as Negotiator ('the trader') and as Cissonius. Native surnames of this kind are in other cases descriptive or drawn from the place of the cult, but the reading of Cissonius rests on the disputed etymology, and the god's character beyond his identification with Mercury is not otherwise defined.
03Epigraphy
Cissonius is known only from Latin inscriptions of the imperial period. Most of the dedications come from Germania Superior, chiefly the Rhineland and the Swiss plateau, with outliers in Gallia Belgica, Germania Inferior and Raetia.
At Vesontio a woman named Dubitatia Castula, described as Syrian by origin, rebuilt at her own expense a temple and portico of Mercurius Cissonius that had fallen into ruin, evidence that the god had an established sanctuary in the town. At Augusta Treverorum, the chief city of the Treveri, Mercury was worshipped in the Altbachtal precinct. The principal dedication there gives him no native surname, but fragmentary inscriptions from the town record him as Cissonius and as Visucius.
| Text | Find-spot | Divine name(s) | Translation | Reference | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deo Mercur(io) Cisso(nio) L(ucius) C(...) Patern(us) ex voto | Aventicum (Germania Superior) | Mercurius Cissonius | To the god Mercurius Cissonius, Lucius C(...) Paternus, in fulfilment of a vow. | CIL XIII, 11476 | Late 1st to early 2nd century AD. |
| Deo Mercurio Cissonio Dubitatia Castula natione Syria templum et porticus vetustate conla(p)sum denuo de suo restituit | Vesontio (Germania Superior) | Mercurius Cissonius | To the god Mercurius Cissonius, Dubitatia Castula, Syrian by origin, restored at her own expense the temple and portico that had collapsed through age. | CIL XIII, 5373 | 2nd century AD. Records the rebuilding of a temple and portico of the god. Also published as ILS 4598. |
| Mercurio Cissonio aram [L]utevius [V]icto[ri] [nus] | Nida (Heddernheim) (Germania Superior) | Mercurius Cissonius | To Mercurius Cissonius, Lutevius Victorinus (dedicated this) altar. | CIL XIII, 7359 | 2nd to 3rd century AD. |
| Deo Mercurio Cissonio C(aius) Atu[l(ius)] Gorgias v(otum) s(olvit) | Rheinzabern (Germania Superior) | Mercurius Cissonius | To the god Mercurius Cissonius, Caius Atulius Gorgias fulfilled his vow. | CIL XIII, 6085 | 2nd to 3rd century AD. From Rheinzabern (Tabernae). |
| D(eo) Cissonio Gittonius Pippausus v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) l(aetus) m(erito) | Argentorate (Germania Superior) | Cissonius | To the god Cissonius, Gittonius Pippausus fulfilled his vow willingly, gladly and deservedly. | CIL XIII, 11607 | 3rd century AD. Cissonius invoked without Mercury. |
| Deo Cis(s)onio ex voto posu(i)t Paternus [...] | Hohenbourg (Germania Superior) | Cissonius | To the god Cissonius, Paternus set (this) up in fulfilment of a vow. | CIL XIII, 6119 | 2nd to 3rd century AD. Cissonius invoked without Mercury. |
| [Mercu]r(io) Cis[sonio ...] | Stettfeld (Germania Superior) | Mercurius Cissonius | To Mercurius Cissonius ... | CIL XIII, 6345 | Fragmentary. The restoration to Mercurius is uncertain. 2nd to 3rd century AD. |
| [Me]rc(urio) Cisson[io] [...] | Augusta Treverorum (Gallia Belgica) | Mercurius Cissonius | To Mercurius Cissonius ... | CIL XIII, 3659 | Fragmentary. From the territory of the Treveri. |
| Deo Cissonio P[...] l(ibens) s(olvit) | Territory of the Mediomatrici (Creutzwald) (Gallia Belgica) | Cissonius | To the god Cissonius, P(...) willingly fulfilled (his vow). | CIL XIII, 4500 | Cissonius invoked without Mercury. |
| Mercurio Cissonio Lari[ni]us Sen[i]lis v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito) | Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Germania Inferior) | Mercurius Cissonius | To Mercurius Cissonius, Larinius Senilis fulfilled his vow willingly and deservedly. | CIL XIII, 8237 | 2nd to 3rd century AD. |
| Mercurio Cissonio pro bon[o] comm[uni] [...] | Promontogno (Raetia) | Mercurius Cissonius | To Mercurius Cissonius, for the common good ... | AE 1992, 1299 | 3rd century AD. From the sanctuary in the Val Bregaglia, made for the benefit of the community. Also published as RIS 306. |
| Mercurio [C]issonio [M]atutino [V]alerius [Ge]rmani [...] | Promontogno (Raetia) | Mercurius Cissonius Matutinus | To Mercurius Cissonius Matutinus, Valerius, son of Germanus ... | AE 1992, 1300 | 3rd century AD. Here Cissonius is combined with the further epithet Matutinus ('of the morning'). Also published as RIS 307. |
Sources and credits
This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article “Cissonius”, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.
Images, from Wikimedia Commons:
- MercuriusCissonius HistMusPfalz 3515.jpg by QuartierLatin1968, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Cissonius distribution.png by QuartierLatin1968 (Owen Cook), CC BY-SA 3.0
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