Reference articles on history, science, culture and more
Encyclopedia

Borr

Norse mythical character

Image credit is listed at the end of this article.

In Norse mythology, Borr, Börr or Burr (Old Norse: 'borer' sometimes anglicized Bor, Bör or Bur) was the son of Búri. Borr was the husband of Bestla and the father of Odin, Vili and Vé. Borr receives mention in a poem in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material, and in the Prose Edda, composed in the 13th century by Icelander Snorri Sturluson. Scholars have proposed a variety of theories about the figure.

01Attestation

Borr is mentioned in the fourth verse of the Völuspá, a poem contained in the Poetic Edda, and in the sixth chapter of Gylfaginning, the second section of the Prose Edda.

Völuspá

Original text:
Áðr Burs synir
bjóðum umb ypðu,
þeir er Miðgarð
mæran skópu.
Bellow's translation:
Then Bur's sons lifted
the level land,
Mithgarth the mighty
there they made.

Gylfaginning

Original text:
Hann [Búri] gat son þann er Borr hét,
hann fekk þeirar konu er Bes[t]la hét,
dóttir Bölþorns iötuns, ok fengu þau .iii. [þrjá] sonu,
hét einn Óðinn, annarr Vili, .iii. [þriði] Vé.
Brodeur's translation:
[Búri] begat a son called Borr,
who wedded the woman named Bestla,
daughter of Bölthorn the giant; and they had three sons:
one was Odin, the second Vili, the third .

Borr is not mentioned again in the Prose Edda. In skaldic and eddaic poetry, Odin is occasionally referred to as Borr's son.

02Scholarly reception and interpretation

The role of Borr in Norse mythology is unclear. Nineteenth-century German scholar Jacob Grimm proposed to equate Borr with Mannus as related in Tacitus' Germania on the basis of the similarity in their functions in Germanic theogeny.

The 19th century Icelandic scholar and archaeologist Finnur Magnússon hypothesized that Borr was

"intended to signify [...] the first mountain or mountain-chain, which it was deemed by the forefathers of our race had emerged from the waters in the same region where the first land made its appearance. This mountain chain is probably the Caucasus, called by the Persians Borz (the genitive of the Old Norse Borr). Bör's wife, Belsta or Bestla, a daughter of the giant Bölthorn (spina calamitosa), is possibly the mass of ice formed on the alpine summits."

In his Lexicon Mythologicum, published four years later, he modified his theory to claim that Borr symbolized the earth, and Bestla the ocean, which gave birth to Odin as the "world spirit" or "great soul of the earth" (spiritus mundi nostri; terrae magna anima, aëris et aurae numen), Vili or Hoenir as the "heavenly light" (lux, imprimis coelestis) and or Lódur as "fire" (ignis, vel elementalis vel proprie sic dictus).

Highlighting that no source provides information about Borr's mother (Borr's father was licked free from the earth by the primeval cow Auðumbla), Rudolf Simek observes that "It is not clear how Burr came to be".

Watch videos about BorrExplainers and documentaries on YouTube (opens in a new tab)

Sources and credits

This article is adapted from the Wikipedia article Borr, written by its contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Fathomly has changed the layout, removed citation markers, navigation and maintenance notices, and adjusted punctuation. This adapted version is shared under the same license. For references, see the original article.

Images, from Wikimedia Commons:

Fathomly is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Wikimedia Foundation. Spotted a problem? Tell us.